目前,大庆油田在全面投入开发,达到高峰产量稳产了三年以后,仍以较高的采油速度继续高产。油井单井平均日产量,连续十九年不降,而且还在增长。绝大多数油井以经济有效的自喷方式生产。近一、二年经过高压注水,一些抽油机井也改成了自喷生产。全油田含水上升速度进一步得到控制。从一九七五年每采出百分之一地质储量含水上升百分之三,

中国科学院应用数学研究所研究人员刘尊全、力学研究所秦朝斌于1979年10月在计算机上进行微分方程公式的推导获得成功。他们设计了微分方程程序系统Differential Equation Program System(简称DEPS),将它用于常微分方程理论中一个关键问题——希尔伯特第十六问题的研究工作。现在,他们已取得一批重要成果:机器验证了苏联学者(?)在1952年所发表的著名成果,指出其一

围绕刘亚光同志及其工作的评价问题,曾出现过一些争论。1980年11月6日,中国自然辩证法研究会与本杂志社联合邀请一部分科学家、科学管理干部进行座谈,讨论鉴定科技成果和考核科技人才问题,介绍中外的经验教训;分析我国目前在这方面还存在的主要问题;讨论今后在这方面工作中应当遵循的基本原则。我们将部分到会者的发言摘要发表于后。 

由中国环境科学学会和中国科学院环境科学委员会委托学会所属的理论研究组筹备组和科学院环境科学情报网联合召开的环境科学理论问题讨论会,于1981年1月16日至20日在石家庄举行。来自全国各地的四十四名环境科学和理论工作者参加了会议。会上,大家就共同关心的问题交换了意见,主要有:我国环境保护与科研工作的经验教训;环境科学理论问题和技术政策的关系;环境的整体性及加强大环境研究的意义;环境科学的概念、体系、

本体论是哲学中关于世界本原或本性问题的部分。最早为德意志哲学家郭克兰纽(RudolphusGoclenius,1547—1628)所使用,其后也见于克劳堡(Johann Clauberg,1622—1665)和法国哲学家杜阿姆尔(Jean-Baptiste Duhamel,1624—1760) 更多还原

坚持四项基本原则,反对资产阶级自由化,是巩固安定团结,立国治国之本,是实现我国社会主义现代化的根本前提,对于政治思想领域具有特别重要的意义。本刊1986年第六期上发表的《方励之——共和国需要这样的学者》一文,片面地美化了方励之,传播了他的一些错误言论和观点,在客观上起了很不好的作用。这反映了我们对反对资产阶级自由化的认识不清,自觉性不高。为此,中国科学院党组已对本刊编辑部提出了严厉的批评。本刊是自然辩证法方面的一个学术刊物,理应把宣传马克思主义哲学思想作为最基本的任务。《方励之》一文却宣传了反对马克思主义哲学作为指导思想的人,并把方励之的“伟 更多还原

《猜想与反驳——科学知识的增长》,[英]卡尔·波普尔著,傅季重、纪树立、周昌忠、蒋戈为译,上海译文出版社,1986年8月第1版,大32开,574页,定价:3.90元。本书作者是当代西方著名科学哲学家和社会哲学家,其批判理性主义哲学曾引起各国科学界、哲学界广泛关注。作者在这部科学方法论文集中,围绕知识通过猜想与反驳、不断清除错误而增长这一 更多还原

141 科学、高技术和多国协作该专辑论述了科学研究、高技术和多国公司对经济和社会、特别是对第三世界国家发展的影响,并有专文论述多国公司的资金筹措和市场渗透问题。每篇文章均有独到的见解。№.142 科学研究和明天的农业 更多还原

《金岳霖学术思想研究》,中国社会科学院哲学所等单位编辑,四川人民出版社出版,预计1987年第2季度见书。金岳霖同志(1895～1984)是我国现代著名哲学家和逻辑学家,国际知名学者。1985年12月中国社会科学院哲学所、北京大学 更多还原

《当代哲学思潮的比较研究——辩证唯物论与卡尔纳普的逻辑经验论》,[美]罗伯特·S·科恩著,陈荷清、范岱年译,社会科学文献出版社1988年版(8月出版)大32开,全书共124页,定价1.10。本书是最经得起时间考验的关于当代两大哲学思潮——辩证唯物论与逻辑经验论的比较研究。作者认为二者在基本纲领方面有一致的方面,即人道主义和自然主义,所以不是彼此敌对的。但二者也有重大的差异,各有长处和弱点,可以相互补充。作者肯定了列宁对实证论的主观论倾向的批评。但认为 更多还原

自本刊1989年第6期(11卷总64期)封四刊登“敬告读者”以来,我们陆续收到一些古道热肠者的函件,对本刊的前景表示关切。“相知无远近,万里尚为邻。”现将两位相知者的来信的摘要及我们的复信发表于后,以志谢忱。其实,我们登载那三言两语的动机倒也十分简单:一是寻求领导的关注,二是寻求读者的理解。我们希望上级领导能了解,按照当前的“中国国情”,让学术刊物(包括本刊这样的订数较多、且在国内外有较大影响的国家一级学术刊物)自负盈亏,只不过是乌托邦式的幻想或天方夜谭式的神话;急功近利地对待有学术价值和社会效益的刊物,总非长远之计。我们也想让读者了解,一个严肃的、基础性的、没有“立竿见影”功利之效的学术刊物的生存是多么艰难;一旦刊物脱期或迟迟发不出稿费,我们希望能得到大家的理解和宽恕。当然,我们也希冀海内外嬴利团体和个人的善意帮助,但我们对此并没有抱过高的“期望值”;因为我们明白,商品社会通行的是等价交换的原则,而我们除了亏本的杂志外则一无所有。老天作证,我们绝没有存心——确实也不忍心——把眼睛盯在并不宽裕(抑或比较贫寒)的知识分子和青年学子的腰包上。而且,正是考虑到他们劳作的艰辛和手头的拮据,我们在经济相当困难的情况下,还是按规定付给作者应有的稿酬,分文不少。“莺入新年语,花开满故枝。”时值90年代的第一个春天,也是本刊创刊以来的第12个春天。尽管刊物的前途和命运不容我们乐观,但是我们将依然“以不息为本,以日新为道”,不敢不局,不敢不蹐,力求使1990年的《自然辩证法通讯》“日日新,又日新”。为此目的,我们期望关心本刊的读者,能在饭后茶余把自己对本刊的评估、批评、建议等(篇幅最好不要超过500字)寄给我们,以利我们改进编辑工作。来稿请寄:北京8712信箱《自然辩证法通讯》编辑部“读者·作者·编者”专栏编辑收(邮政编码100080),并请作者自留底稿。

<正> 我是一位从事作曲的音乐工作者,在我每年自费订阅的几十种报刊中,贵刊是我必订的刊物之一。贵刊一些专业性很强的文章我虽然读不懂,但诸如科技政策、科技史等论著还是能够领略的。多年来我每期必读其中的部分文章,从中了解与自然科学

<正> 贵刊的近几期读后,内心很有一种冲动。但此刻在迟到的今年第二期刊物面前,忍不住还是想写几句话给长期以来所敬仰的编辑同志们。我从事自然辩证法是和本刊联系在一起的。1983年在清华读书时贵刊曾把少量过刊和现刊拿到学校卖,我稍加翻阅便被吸收,毫不犹豫把几年的 更多还原

<正> 近现代以来,我国对西方哲学、社会科学签著翻译出版了不少,而对那些具有划时代意义、在人类认识史上具有重要地位的科学巨人的代表作,则缺乏全面、系统的介绍。为了填补国内这一空白,武汉出版社从1990年开始,组织了全国各地的数十名专家、学者翻译了《世界科学名著文库》。首批推来的10种书目为: 《电磁通论》(上下卷),[英]麦克斯韦著,戈革译; 更多还原

<正> 一部旨在全面反应中国科学技术现状的大型资料性工具书《当代中国科学技术总览》将由中国科学技术出版社隆重推出。这部总字数逾200万的辞书精选整理了现存于中国科协、国家科委、中国科学院等单位档案情报部门中浩繁的汇编资料和零散数据,分9篇15卷6500多个辞条再现中国科学技术的各个侧面。其中包括建国42年以来的重大科技成果、国家主干科研机构、民间科技团体(学会、协会、研究会)、科技传播媒介(科技报刊、期刊、科技出版单位)、国家对科技的管理及相应的政策 更多还原

<正> 由美国著名数学家P.J.戴维斯和R.赫什合著的《数学经验》一书中译本,即将由江苏教育出版社出版。该书由王前、俞晓群等翻译,陈以鸿校,约三十余万字。《数学经验》是一部由数学家谈自己亲身体验和思想方法的风格独特的学术专著,其中涉及数学与哲学、科学技术、社会经济活动、艺术、宗教等多方面的关系,从不同角度探讨了数学思维活动的

<正> 由中国社会科学院哲学研究所自然辩证法研究室编辑、中国社会科学院出版社出版、邱仁宗教授主编的《自然科学哲学问题》第2集即将于1992年初与读者见面。本集选择了80年代后期和90年代以来国外科学哲学、自然科学哲学问题研究成果,以及当前人们普遍关心的科学技术的发展与人类社会的关系问题。本集的主要特点是内容新颖,资料丰富,共分六个专题:(1) 自然化的科学哲学:自然化的科学哲学是当前科学哲学的主要争论焦点之 更多还原

<正> 由朱新轩教授主编,徐天芬教授等人参加集体撰写的《现代自然科学哲学引论》一书已由华东师范大学出版社出版。全书就本世纪以来,数学、物

<正> 由河北大学软科学研究室主任、河北大学科技开发公司总经理钱时畅教授著的《科技经济结合论——“科学技术是第一生产力”的理论论证和落实途径》一书已由河北科学技术出版社出版。该书由四编十三章组成。第一编为理论基础, 

<正> 由刘啸霆、崔在莹撰写的《智慧之术——方法学导论》一书近日由黑龙江教育出版社出版。该书共由五部分组成。第一部分为“引言,方法时代的莅临与重建方法文化”。主要论述了方法在科学史和人类生活中的核心地位,提出了建构当代方法文化学的设想。第二部分为“走向聪明之径——方法总论”。主要阐述了方法的概念、性 更多还原

<正> 中英暑期哲学学院是由中国社会科学院哲学研究所和英国皇家哲学研究所、牛津大学现代中国研究中心共同主办的教学机构。学院名誉院长为汝信教授和爵士斯特劳森教授,院长为邢贲思教授,中 更多还原

<正>20世纪上半叶中国物理学论文集粹出版； 《理性的沉思》出版《理性的沉思——论彭加勒的科学思想和哲学思想》一书已于1992年10月由辽宁教育出版社出版(沈阳市和平区,邮政编码110001)。该书比较全面、系统、深刻地论述了超级哲人科学家昂利·彭加勒的生平、工作和思想;比较集中地论述了他的数学哲学思想,在物理学革命中的贡献及关于物理学危机的基本观点;阐述了他的自然观和科学观以

<正> 以前,我头脑中根本就没有“自然辩证法”这个概念,而今却对它怀有浓厚兴趣,并作为自己的奋斗事业,究其原因,《自然辩证法通讯》无疑起了启蒙作用。记得上大学时,课余之暇,对《红楼梦》中动植物进行了考证、整理,并妄想通过对《诗经》、《水浒》、《西游记》等中国古代文学典籍中动植物考察,搞一门所谓“生物文学”。在查阅资料过程中,偶尔看到了《自然辩证法通讯》,发现里面刊登的文章正是我平时热衷考虑的问题,特别是科

展示哲人风范，弘扬科学精神──《哲人科学家丛书》（第一批）近期出版李醒民主编福建教育出版社出版“哲人科学家”一词在形形色色的汉语辞典中至今恐怕也不曾出现过，但哲人科学家在科学发展史和人类思想发展史上却源远流长。哲人科学家既是具有开创性科学贡献的第一流... 更多还原

技术引进新阶段与市场经济本课题组ＴｈｅＮｅｗＳｔａｇｅｏｆＴｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇｙＩｍｐｏｒｔａｎｄＭａｒｋｅｔＥｃｏｎｏｍｙ￥Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ：Ｔｈｉｓｉｓａｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈｒｅｐｏｒｔｏｆｐｒｏｐｏｓａｌ＂ＴｈｅＮｅｗＳｔａｇｅｏｆＴｅｃｈｎｏｌｏｇ... 更多还原

“李约瑟专题研究基金”简介香港知名人士马文辉老先生，多年来一直资助中山大学哲学系每两周举办一次的“马应彪科学哲学论坛”。马文辉先生与李约瑟先生是故交，马先生在赞扬李约瑟先生对中国古文明与科技作出贡献的同时，却为炎黄子孙的科技史是出自外族人之手而万分遗... 更多还原

我与《自然辩证法通讯》──纪念《自然辩证法通讯》创刊２０周年［编者的话］亲爱的读者，当你收到本期《自然辩证法通讯》时，《通讯》已姗姗步入她的２０华诞了。２０岁的妙龄少女毕竟涉世未深，不免显得天真稚嫩；但是，２０岁的学术刊物《通讯》却在经磨历劫和艰难跋... 更多还原

我与《自然辩证法通讯》──纪念《自然辩证法通讯》创刊２０周年（续一）２０年前，我是一位初进大学校门的学生，《通讯》是我的课外读物，她引导我从更高深的层次理解自然科学的最新理论成就和思维方式。那时，全国正处在拨乱反正时期，有些人以为文革把一切都搞乱了，... 更多还原

我与《自然辩证法通讯》──纪念《自然辩证法通讯》创刊２０周年（续二）伴随着中国科学哲学运动的复兴、崛起、扩张和深入的发展。《自然辩证法通讯》走过了她二十年的奋斗与光辉的历史。在这一过程中，无论出现什么样的激流和风暴，她都一如既往地以她高昂的姿态和宽容... 更多还原

我与《自然辩证法通讯》──纪念《自然辩证法通讯》创刊２０周年（续三）在大学三年级的时候，我在学校阅览室第一次看到了《自然辩证法通讯》这本杂志。出于对理性思维的崇尚，我开始阅读起来，由于学识的浅薄，开始阅读时感到新奇、难懂、吃力。尽管当时是一知半解，我... 更多还原

我与《自然辩证法通讯》──纪念《自然辩证法通讯》创刊２０周年（续四）我未上过大学。《自然辩证法通讯》就是我的大学。这里的老师有前辈学者、学界中坚和后起之秀。教材不是陈陈相因的教科书，而是业师的厚积薄发之作，撩人深思，让人含英咀华，受益无穷。设置的课程... 更多还原

STS opinions of Japanese Scholars was discussed in this paper based on the compare henbane introduction of the spread about STS in Japan. STS education and research in Japan was prospected by incorporating with the development of STS in China

Since there was no 360°central angle system in ancient China, how did the ancient people express the concept of angle when coming to them? The answer can be found in Kao Gong Ji. Through detailed studies we find there were already some proper~stood for abstract concept of angles and some specific angles used as technical standards in Kao Gong Ji. These angles were constructed by performing geometric operations on the basic angle Gui or Ju. What is called the contradiction of Jugou Qingzhe does not exist.

In this paper the reasons and urgency for appearance of water industry and the branch of water quality science and engineering were depicted, and also the connotation and extension of the branch, the link and difference between is and related ones were analyzed. Based on them，China's 21st water industry and sustainable development strategy were discussed correspondingly.

The paper analyzed natural calamities’phenomena, and summarized consciousness against calamities on village planning, technologies against calamities on construction and precautions against calamities on irrigation works in Huizhou traditional habitat, in order to provide researchers with enlightenment on the both reduction calamities and precautions calamities of our time.

In ancient and medieval Chinese calendar一making system, there were algorithms for calculating the eclipse phases of the sun and the moon . Normally speaking, for any kind of solar eclipse, Chinese calendar一makers derived a function to calculate the times of its first contact, middle of eclipse and last contact. But for a total lunar eclipse,a function would be used for calculating its five eclipse phases. In such functions, the magnitudes of eclipses were used as their independent variable.How did such functions being constructed by Chinese calendar一makers? A study of this paper shows that those functions used before 1280AD were all constructed by some pure numerical methods. But the functions used in the Shoushi 1i《授时历》(1280AD) were derived from the geometric models of eclipse phase.It is interesting that such geometric models were also used in two calendar一making systems compiled by Indian and Islamic calendar一makers for deriving their algorithms of eclipse phase. It is Well Known that there were some Indian and Islamic astronomers worked in the observatory of China in the 8th and 13th century.Two calendar-making systems they left,which are named the Jiuzhi li《九执历》，an Indian traditional calendar,and the Huihui 1i《回回历》，an Islamic traditional calendar, respectively.The point is that although the Chinese calendar一makers had known the geometric models from the Indian calendar Jiuzhi li《九执历》for many years, they refused to use their algorithms of eclipse phase until they learnt the same models again from the Islamic astronomers in the 13th century. As an example of the construction of functions for calculating the eclipse phases, we may come to a conclusion that there might be some influence from Indian and Islamic astronomy on Chinese calendar一making system.

This paper, firstly，shows that both rationalism of Descartes and empirical scepticism of Hume can not rule out the belief in science by means of analyzing the process of scientific research .There are kinds of beliefs that are common sense，scientific sense and worldview in science.They play different roles respectively in the development of science from the empirical to the theoretical, and again to the highly theorized. Secondly，it discusses the ways of formation and function of belief in science by the analyses of the formation and function of paradigms of science, the assessment of scientific theories and the impact of society on science.Finally，it elaborates that the belief in science intrinsically relates to the scientific research，that the program of universal scepticism can only lead to nihilism in the end，and that the development of science is in the process of dialectical movement for belief and scepticism..

This paper analyzes the current status of garbage pollution，the composition，production and their changes in our country，and particularly indicates that the previous treatments have not met the present demand.From the view of the sustainable development，the paper points out some measures and suggestion on the future garbage disposal.

The objectification of knowledge innovation means the result and mark of innovation .Generally speaking，it has the forms of a new product in materialization,the new relationship in institution，and the new behavior in subject. The materialization as a new product is a main form.The new relationship exists in the systems of society,which are invisible .The good conduct creates a new resource in society.

Scientists selected suitable problem to research independently at the beginning of Academia Sinica..However,V. K. Ting,the secretary-general in 1934-1936，favored practical studies and much-needed problems of China.Such programs were put in the first National Research Council in 1935一1941 and Academia Sinica made a shift of its mission .This paper discussed the background，process and impact of the shift.

The history of modern science in China is essentially a history that the western modern science had been transplanted into China because of the special historical environment，scientific value in Chinese mind changed over time from“yiji"to"chang ji"，and then to scientism" During this process，scientific valus system was shaped which not only influenced the development of science in modern society,but also misdirected current progress of science in some way”.

This paper examines the definition and origin of complexity from the methodological angle and try to illustrates that there are objective grounds for the distinction between simplicity and complexity，that can’t be ascribed to subjective reasons.By these arguments, this paper claims that science of complexity has its objective of research，research on complexity should follow a methodological rule of "taking the complexity as complexity to deol With.”

Ling一Chao Tsien(Qian Linzhao，1906一1999)was a famous Chinese physicist . He had made significant contributions to the development of the researches on plastic deformation of crystals, electron microscopy and history of science .His work laid the foundation of these research fields in China .This article gives an account of his life and his scientific work.

This paper aims at to analyze the condition, internal cause and mechanism of interaction between the firm's technological innovation and institutional innovation.It shows that the condition of the formation of such a interaction between technological innovation and institutional innovation is that the firm is provided by society with sufficient incentives and space to innovate, whereas the internal source of interaction is that the firm has to become both the subject of technological innovation and of institutional innovation.

This paper elaborates and discusses the development of Gaia hypothesis,its scientific implication and debates on it，and thinks that we can draw a new systematic idea of the earth from it and gains some enlightenment from it.

The effects of the U N on science and technology include several aspects. The first ,the UN can formulate policies to rule the direction of scientific and technical development ,and make the development according with the demands of human. The second ,it’s useful to form a three dimensional net of scientific and technology development. The third ,it can accelerate the intersection and synthesis of learning branch ,and create favorable conditions of big一science’s development.At last ,it’s helpful to realize unify of knowledge value and knowledge share globally.

Zhu Zaiyu not only developed twelve一tone equal temperament theory ,but also put forward a set of detailed drafts of pitch一pipes and their producing methods. Did those pitch一pipes given by Zhu obey the law of twelve一tone equal temperament?Many researchers have reproduced the pipes ,detected their frequencies but different results turned out. Basing on detailed analyzing on reason of those differences ,this paper discussed the correct reproducing method and steps and thus the conclusion that Zhu’s pitch一pipes was really a great achievement of acoustics in ancient China was deduced.

The first part of the article describes W. F. Ogburn’s hypothesis of culture lag, which involves the part of environmental culture. The second part explains that modernization belongs to industrialization and rationalization, which results in the lag of environmental culture. The third part shows the conceptions and actions which promote the adaptive function of environmental culture. this gives us a new view for study of environmental problems in the frame of the scientific sociology.

Having or not having the idea of the nature law ,it is rule to measure the level of science in ancient times to a nation. Had or not had Chinese the idea of the nature law in ancient times?There is not an answer for the question at present academe. By seeing about the concept of Chang. Dao. T i.Shuo.Ze, we come to the conclusion that Chinese had the idea of the nature law in olden days,although they did not understand deeply to the content of nature law. A Reappraisal of the Statement“Boyle Established Chemistry as Science”

"Boyle. established chemistry as science”,one of the most famous statements made by Engels ,has long been misunderstood by most of the Chinese scholars. They believed that Robert Boyle formulated the modern definition of element in The Sceptical Chemist thus Boyle established chemistry as science. However,it is found that boyle did not ever put forward the modern definition of element if we study Boyle’s original literature. Boyle was sceptical of the existence of those substances called element. .So arises the problem that how to understand the meaning of Engles’statement. The author made a study of Boyle’s book and his mechanical philosophy(or corpuscular philosophy) and concluded that because he formulated the mechanical chemistry ,Boyle established chemistry as science.

The authors analyzed the formation of Isaac Newton’s cosmological ideas. Newton did not develop his reflection on cosmology based on the pure mechanism or principle of mechanics as mechanists did in 17t" century，while combined his view about God,the physics laws he discovered，and the alchemical cosmologies of his time to formulate a united explanation to the creation of the world. He made his representation on cosmology in the manner of natural theology that prevailed in 17t" century England. He considered that our world stemmed from the will of God，and the world is a finite one in the infinite space.God,he believed，has never given up his creatures and continually provided power to it,to keep this world alive.

The notion that "man by his efforts can conquer nature" embodies man’s position in nature and the relationship between man and nature. It is not only a subject of study in the areas of Chinese ideology history and science history，but，as a guidance theory and ideology in the formulation of "nature-reforming" policies in China for the past decades，it also has a profound influence on a wide range of issues. Therefore，to look into the notion and its influence can be of fundamental importance and significance in studying the history of Chinese science ideology and modern Chinese scientific policies. This paper gives a careful review of the notion and its background.

This paper deals with the life and labors，especially those on scientific exchange between China and the West，of Joseph Edkins(1823一1905)，the famous British sinologist.

Chinese ancient thought on cyclic transformism of life is based on the theory of heterogonesis. It mainly analyzed the formation and changes of the life ,which is related to natural philosophy theory. The thought results in epistemology and philosophy ,moreover has connection with the thought of evaluation，but it also has many differences from it. The correct evaluation of the thought on cyclic transformism has its realistic significance.

The 20’s and 30’s of the 20th century was an important period that the modern science was introduced and quickly developed in China. During this period ,the proceeding of mainlandation of modern science had begun and got great achievement in inspecting of science vocabulary and in constructing of science textbook. But because of many historical reasons ,the mainlandation of modern science did not finish.All of these were discussed in this paper.

The paper showed the method of maximizing and minimizing a polonomial function in Wasan ,analyzed the mathematical basis and the principle of establishment for the method of extremum in Wasan. The paper also held that Takebe Katahiro’s(1664一1739) Fermat Method of extremizing a polynomial function had stemmed from the problem of equation of the center of the sun and the moon in Shoushi Li. Through the survey and the induction，Takebe Katahiro had acquired the genetal method of solving this kind of extremum problem.Takebe Katahiro’s method of determinating a stable point of a polynomial function had been the same as the Tekijinshokyuho in Seki Takakazu’s theory of equations ,which was just a coincidence in form. Based on the above-mentioned analyses ,the paper probed further into the reasons for the bud of variate mathematics in traditional mathematics in the Orient and the reasons why it had not been developed continuously.

This article states historical perspective the outstanding contributions of Chinese famous physicist ,academician Hoff Lu ,in the field of Nuclear energy. It reinforces his international reputation as the "father of Nuclear in China".

The writer was working hard on this book ,the point of view of treatise is quite new ,and the theme is also significant. But there is ,however ,a problem on basic method. When the writer applies doctor Jaki’s theory on the literature of Zhang Heng ,he neglects such a fact :there were many other similar literature at that period besides Zhang Heng’s ,such as literature of Ban Gu ,Zuo Si and so on. Therefore ,the theoretical construction of this book can't experience the deduction and consequence:if we apply Jaki’s theory on Ban Gu ,Zuo Si’s work，won’t we draw the conclusion that they were also great scientists?

Through review historical cognitions on relations between complexity and randomicity，bring forth and analyzing immediate relationships between randomicity and Kolmogorov complexity from computer science，this paper tries to peel off some errors understanding on this relations and to return real relations about the them，and analyzing Dell Mann effective complexity concept，argument that two relations between complexity and randomicity，and three random instances.

This paper analyzes the basic structure of scientific explanation context and indicates the six basic functions of scientific explanation context. Upon them，the essence of the method of contextual analysis and six basic principles of using these methods are discussed.

Psychiatry has the character of transdiscipline. The development of psychiatry in certain historical stage is not only determined by the level of the medical science，but also has tight relation with the dominate philosophic idea at that time. This thesis investigated the philosophic foundation of modern psychiatry from the perspective of the history of psychiatry，pointed out the dialectical interactive relation between psychiatry and philosophy.

An important character of technological innovations in the period of emergence and development of high tech industry is that they realized in the form of cluster of innovative start-up s，which is also a remarkable pattern of silicon valley’s innovation activities. Through an analysis of the essence of technological innovation as the process of "creative construction"，an analysis of innovation subject’s shift in the growing process of start-ups，and an analysis of both advantages and disadvantages of small size firms，the author discusses the importance of regional networks of innovation for the development of high tech industries，and also give a new interpretation of innovation activities in silicon valley.

Zhuxi is one of the typical examples what Needham sued explaining that Taoism’s organic nature theory is the stimulates of the ancient Chinese science and technology. Zhuxi’s achievement is the most and the largest in the three typical example. Zhuxi’s points in science are Shenkuo by origin，and Shenkuo is Taoism by origin.Therefore，the thesis studies the relation between Zhuxi’s points in science and Taoism. The thesis analyses cosurology，life science and medicine，meteorology，etc. ,and points out that Zhuxi’s points in these subjects are Taoism by origin. Taoism’s organic nature theory guided Zhuxi studied these subject affect European and Chinese science and technology.

The Darning Calendar made by Zu Chongzhi is one of the most innovative calendar in ancient China，with the introduction of precession，the reform on the cycle of intercalary months，the newly measurement of length of tropical year and the establishment of the method of measuring the time of winter solstice being the most important contributions. The facts that he looked high on actual measurement，was industrious at thinking，goo d at using predecessor’s achievements and brave to struggle against fogeyish thought，all of which are all recorded in historical books，are important cause for his making a lot of innovation and obtaining so many achievements.In memorial of the great man of science，this article gives accounts on the causes and results of all that stated above.

Through the analyses of Needham’s ideas of history of science and his historical research on science，it is revealed that the content of "Needham’s Puzzle"is the following three questions:1.What caused the transcurrence of Chinese science in some certain periods?2. What caused the fusion of modern science with Chinese traditional science ?And 3.What delayed the fusion ?Needham focused on the 1st and 3rd questions，but gave little attention on the 2nd ones. To resolve the 2nd question is the task left by Needham.

Ehrenfest was a great physicist of the 20th century. He made particular contribution to appraising，comprehending and creating fundamental conception of the modern physics and acquired many achievements in theoretical physics. He built the Ehrenfest Urn model，completed the appraisable works about statistical physics，founded the adiabatic principle，advanced the conception of two level phase transition and formed his characteristic mode in scientific research. He had talkative abilities like Socrates also.By integrating all of those abilities with his humane characteristic，he had become worthy of the name of a great teacher finally.

Needham question is a group of questions and is a historical fact. Any answer to one of the questions is irrational. It includes many important problems on outlooks of science and history of science，and on the methodology of history of science. It is considered in this paper that the questions should be understood in comparing with the Chinese context and the Western context.

In the civilized world that is sustained by modern technology，more and more disasters have been incurred，but their occurrence and increasing have much to do with the unforeseeability of nature and with the correlates between mankind and nature. Based on the point一views of Juergen Mittelstrass and other scholars of School we hold that modern technology somewhat reflects the loss of human subjectivity that mankind incurs on a level of reason..In order to change the status quo it is not directly related to the development of science and technology in the level of practice，but concerned，in the sense of reason，with the attitudes we take toward nature and with the changes we make ourselves in the human subjectivity.

The paper discuss revolutions of experimental mathematics to deductive mathematics，and clarifies meaning of epistemology and methodology of experimental mathematics.

Nowadays with personality psychology becoming more and more pluralistic and synthetic，the following pairs of relative problems must be balanced in personality study:(1)personality is stability or change，(2) personality's structure and dimensions，(3) emphasizing on consequence or on process，and (4) the function of description or interpretation. In order to walk out there dilemmas，personality researchers have to integrate inhering theories first of all and:(1) construct a met a theory of personality;(2) combine personality study with others mental processes and the relative subjects;(3) make its methodology perfect and (4) consider social and culture factors in their researched.

A firm’s embeddedness in a network of ties is an important source of variation in the acquisition of competitive capabilities. Networks are more than just relationships that govern the diffusion of innovation and norms,they constitute capabilities that augment the value of firms.

The innovation is a foundation of humanbeings’ development，and reflects the process of new technology transition into the commerce goods and services. However，w hat’s inside of the innovation and how it drives the industry upgrade are not very clear. This paper indicates the innovation machines一similar creating and true creating，and discusses the important functions of innovation，new demand，market structure，diversification .and entry in the evolution of the computer industry.

On the basis of author’s own experiences and observes&theoretical reflections，by using correct views of many historians for reference，this paper discusses comprehensively and thoroughly contents and implications of “four-dimension space一times" in historiography of science. "Four dimension space一times"signify substantial evidence’s dimension，rational dimension，intuitive dimension，and contextual dimension.The preservation of the essential tension between various dimensions also is expounded. The paper states clearly that this is a new，original，and effective research program in history of science.

In early 5th century AD，for deriving the cycle of the intercalary month in a calendar一making system，a numerical method was invented by Chinese Mathematician. With a constructed theorem，the author comes to a conclusion that this method，in a sense，equals to the algorithm of the continued fraction. A series convergent to any given number could be derived with this method. The result explains a fact，which has been verified being served as convergent to some constants，appeared in the texts of mathematics or astronomy in ancient China，but on evidence to show there was an algorithm of continued fraction in ancient China. By the use of this method，a possible way for deriving Zu Chongzhi’s value π=355/113 is demonstrated.

An excellent experimental physicist was bound to fall behind the tidy of scientific revolution. He figured out to turn to the Nazi，and stirred up among scientists. Eventually he lost all standing and reputation，became a person condemned by history.

The encounter between Thomas Huxley and the Bishop Wilberforce was probably a kind of social image reconstructed by the Darwinians in Victorian age. one reconsiders it in the context of scientific professionalization ,he will find that it would be mainly the conflict between professional scientists and naturalist gentlemen other than the conflict between science and religion because Wilberforce’s criticism was primarily in a scientific way. In addition ,there is no any obvious evidence to show that Huxley had won the debate scientifically.

This essay is an approach to the meaning of the concept truth in nature language by means of pragmatic explanation. The pragmatic approach shows that the conception of truth as defined in simple correspondence theory is incomplete ,that a pragmatist explanation is essential to meaning of truth and that sophisticated correspondence theory and pragmatist theory are not competitive alternatives of conception of the truth ,but compatible complementary to each other ,coherence offers no explanation of truth but one of requirements to be met by the claims to truth. The pragmatic approach has a consequence that theoretical knowledge ,contrary to K. Ripper' s insistence ,is verifiable but not falsifiable.

The dissertation summarizes completely three kinds of delimitation theory about semantics and pragmatics in philosophy of language ,which is formal ,inernalist and philosophical especially ,through describing the mode of relevance theory it expands the research of semantics and pragmatics to cognition and communication process of whole human being ,and points that the research of delimitation about semantics and pragmatics is not only clarifying lost of correlation theses in philosophy of language ,but also establishing the foundation for the turn from philosophy of language to philosophy as cognitive science ,which has an important scientific value and methodological significance for revealing essence of cognition and research of artificial intelligence machine.

Habermas ,in universal pragmatics that he has founded ,set the speech validity in the living wand and extended the validity of factual propositions or forms into the formal social field. Thereby ,the common speech validity has been developed into a kind of universal validity with many sorts of demands and meanings. Sowing the question of universal validity in the living world are perceived. Hence ,Habermas not only verified the universality of communicative rationality ,but also established a brand一new measurement and research framework for natural science and human science.

This paper ,firstly ,shows that the achievements of technological innovation in industrial laboratory impact on human culture by exemplification of Bell Labs’.Secondly ,it concludes the administration and structure of industrial laboratory from different sides. Thirdly ,it analyzes the process of the activities of technological innovation in industrial laboratory by virtues of cases. F2nally ,it points out same measures and suggestion on the establishment and improvement of system of technological innovation in enterprise.

The dissertation summarizes completely three kinds of delimitation theory about semantics and pragmatics in philosophy of language ,which is formal ,inernalist and philosophical especially ,through describing the mode of relevance theory it expands the research of semantics and pragmatics to cognition and communication process of whole human being ,and points that the research of delimitation about semantics and pragmatics is not only clarifying lost of correlation theses in philosophy of language ,but also establishing the foundation for the turn from philosophy of language to philosophy as cognitive science ,which has an important scientific value and methodological significance for revealing essence of cognition and research of artificial intelligence machine.

Habermas ,in universal pragmatics that he has founded ,set the speech validity in the living world and extended the validity of factual propositions or forms into the formal social field. Thereby ,the common speech validity has been developed into a kind of universal validity with many sorts of demands and meanings. Sowing the question of universal validity

The Qing Dynasty Astronomical Bureau(Qintian Jian)was the institution ,which was responsible for the science of the Heavens and both scientific functions and nonscientific functions. Owing to its unique duty ,Qintian Jian ’ s management was different from other bureaus. The paper analyzed the situation of study of the Heavens science and pointed out the inevitable result of the developing circumstance and made a thorough inquiry the routine work management. When comparing Qintian Jian with the Ming Dynasty Astronomical bureau ,the author also discussed the management of officers who served in Qing Dynasty Qintian Jinan.

The traditional organizations can not more and more adapt the uncertainty of the environmental changes. The complexity organizations are emerging for this case. The Chaordic Organization is perhaps a typical complexity organization.This article exposes the background of the birth of the Chaordic Organization and its concept ,its nature ,finally discusses the necessary conditions war possessed by a muture Chaordic organization.

Traditional and dual opposed think model is profound Reason which arise the environmental problem. Radical post - modernism criticized this point through deny reason subject and de-construction dual opposed object-subject relation. But there is a contraction. We should constructed new relation between object and subject from the view of constructive post - modernism and COMbining modern sciences ’ development . As such ,we can improve environmental ethics and can perform sustainable development strategy.

The article pointed out that the contextual reconstruction of scientific realism is a historical choice ,after researching deeply its evolvement during the 20 th century. Then it expounded the vindication of the realism in terms of this new methodology ,and gave the contextual requests. Finally ,aiming at the direction of the realism in the 21 st century ,the principles of the contextual reconstruction was brought definitely forward.

Feminist psychology has very important metholdogical meaning to Western psychology since its coming onto the historical stage of psychology. The criticism of feminism psychology to the key assumption of mainstream psychology — — — objectivity and value - free theory — — — has shaken the arrogant status of positivism in psychology ,and made it possible that psychologists pay more attention to the historical and cultural factors. Feminist psychology also has shaken the andocentric status of mainstream psychology ,and made the women ’ s experiences and subjectivity the object of psychological study. The epistemologies ,initiated by feminist psychology ,has arisen psychologists ’ reflection upon the methdology of mainstream pschology from different angles and promoted the methodological reconstruction in psychology.

The systematic constructive perspective is put forward to understand the nature of technological innovation. The first part of the article explains the background of the systematic constructive perspective of technological innovation. The second part describes the connotation and implications of this perspective. The third part shows the difference between our view and the system paradigm of the innovation researches.

The paper describes the history of the theory about performance assessment and analyzes the new issues about performance assessment in knowledge economy. According to the fifth generation strategic management and the main role of intelligent capital in knowledge economy , the paper provides a new strategic measurement system based on intelligent capital : a strategic assessment and management system that focused on customer ,based on competence.

This paper deals with science ,technology and application interaction in laser development ,including four parts;(1) how the technological invention depend on scientific knowledge ,(2) how the different actors respond to the emergence of lasers ,(3) Technological evolution and the role of industrial research laboratories ,(4) uncertainty and application. Based on these discussion ,this paper make some concluding observations emphasizing that the science should focus on designing the policies of stimulating interaction between basic research and application.

The Institute of Chiao Tung University is the first scientific research institution of universities in China. Its organization and the management system are not only severe and normative but also democratic ,which takes the lead and sets the example in systematizing scientific research of China ’ s universities. While it devoted itself to the developing of applied science and the solving of practical problems in social production ,it laid stress on merging scientific researches into the cause of the instruction. It becomes one of the institutions of universities in China that initaly explored the combination of three fields from instruction ,research and production — — — the modern higher education model for running a school — — — and achieved remarkable effect on it.

It is certified that Ganshixingjing might to be a book with dubious authors by this paper. The book has been wrongly included in one chapter of teaching materials for both colleges and middle schools; The Scientific Achievements of the Warring States ,which has been improperly taught to the students for more than twenty years.

Kilby ,one of the most outstanding inventor in the 20th century ,is the “ father of chipps ” . But it was a pity that his achievment in this field was not accepted till to the end of ceatury. That was a case of late Nobel prize.

This paper elaborates why and how some scientists in the West believe God and explores some new developments of the relationship between science and religion on the basis of the information obtained from talk with some scientists who are Christians, and finally five reasons for interpreting why they believe God and point out these scientists do not intervene their daily science activities.

Methodological Individualism is the interactive result of both analytical and individualistic tradition, that shapes the character of Methodological Individualism.Hence Methodological Individualism keeps the Analytical.Tradition at an arm’s length.This paper discusses the relationship among the three aspects of free一atomism，reductionism and intentionism，and multithreading一analyses. It points out that Methodological Individualism is a comprehensive research program in the relationship, which has special space expression and special significance in the development of the contemporary science and social science.

Laudan studies originally conceptual problems in science. But his study is inadequate, for he stresses one aspect of conceptual conflict to the neglect of another aspect of conceptual concert .So the analysis of conceptual problems is limited. It is suggested that the definition of Laudan’s conceptual problems is enriched, and the problems of conceptual conflict and conceptual concert are inspected by non一symmetry connection in theory assessment.

B. C .van Fraassen's Modal Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics is not only the core of his philosophy of Quantum Mechanics, but also the thinking fundament in his philosophy of science, constructive experimentalism.In this article, the author introduces van Fraassen's Modal Interpretation of Quantum Measurement from these aspects: interpretation problems of Quantum Mechanics, the main content of Modal Interpretation, and the significance of Modal Interpretation.

This paper discussed the dualism of Bergson and its essence. Bergson redefined the matter in his dualism by using the newest achievements in brain science at his age, and advanced a new theory of mind一body which argues that the body is not a storehouse of mind or memory, but just a tool of action of human, and that the mind or memory is also not the product of brain .His new dualism，on the one hand, is attributed to the solution of the traditional problem; on the other hand is the essential condition for his new philosophy .It strides across the old age and the new age, and makes Bergson to be a great pioneer of the contemporary western philosophy.

It is a public goods that the image of science knowledge is in traditional theories of scientific community，and that an idealistic view of academic internationalization is formed. The paper points out that academic knowledge is not necessarily a public goods and that all of the degrees, modes and outcomes of the academic communism are under profound influences of the interests of the nation and enterprises.The powerful interventions of the nation and enterprise into the academic activities causes the differentiation and recombination of the academic community .The mission of academic is taking place great change.It is inherently a conflict process of value and interests in the courses of academic internationalization. It is lost the universality that is held by the idealistic mode of internationalization which benefits each other.

Western scholars, Freeman and Nelson, put forward the theory of the System of National Innovation(SNI) respectively at the end of 1980's, it has been put into practice as a strategic choice in DECD countries,and been enriched and improved gradually .The emergence of the SNI，makes the innovation into the macrocosm from microcosm，and it improves the innovation become production. The new role and new social norm beyond the knowledge一based economy, is the nucleus of social operation of the SNI.The SNI will show its special value gradually under the coordination of the institution and culture. It is beyond question to study the theory can deepen the understanding of its nature.

Eclipse observation and record was a very important ritual formality in old Chinese dynasties. As generally impresses, this process was objective and scientific. This paper analyzed the eclipse data collected from the observational reports submitted to throne by the Astronomical Bureau of the Qing Dynasty·It was discovered that the data in the observational reports from late Kangxi to early Xianfeng reigns were very largely transcribed from the eclipse predictions issued by the Astronomical Bureau before every eclipse. This indicates that the process of eclipse observation and record in the Qing Dynasty was not so objective and scientific as researchers imagines.The most impossible reasons for this phenomenon are that 1·the authorities of Dynasty upheld the supremacy of the so一called "royally decided" calendar and shared an unreasonable conceit on the precision of that calendar in such things as eclipse prediction; 2 .missionaries wanted to conceal the errors in order to maintain their status in government of Qing Dynasty and to spread the Christianism; 3 .the officials in Qintianjian (Astronomy Bureau of Qing Dynasty) wanted to keep their own benefits.

The research and investigation on the history of technology in ancient and contemporary China means a cognition of or a discovery of the Chinese technical tradition·Such specialists as Liu Xianzhou and Wang Zhenduo initiated textual and monographic research on machines in ancient China, and even restored some machines.Joseph Needham，Lu Jingyan Hua Jueming and other scholars made many studies in this field However, ancient records and archaeological studies cannot supply enough information for researchers. Aninvestigation on contemporary traditional machines especially in country is an effective approach to discover the technical tradition. Researchers from China and other countries had already made a lot of work for it.Since 1990, the author of this paper investigated some traditional machines to make a detailed inquiry into their construction, materials, manufacturing technology and usage, including his interviews with machine一makers, so that he have had a further understanding of the technical tradition and have recorded many techniques·It is very necessary to make an investigation and research on technical tradition in different cultural contexts.

Dealing with collection, textual research，analysis and explanation of historical materials in studying the history of science and technology in ancient China, the paper enumerated some existing problems such as poor in philology and so on, put forward several proposals for way out·

Vannevar Bush(1890一1974) is well known as the "farther of big science" in United States. During World War II，he took the leadership of the Office of Scientific Research and Development and worked on the war effort so well as the "person who can decide the war".After the war, he provided a report that is named now as"Bush Report" and the "Bible of Science Policy".Further more, he was a predictor and pivotal figure in digital computer and the hypertext by his invention of Differential Analyzer and conception of Memex，the idea of an easily accessible, individually configurable storehouse of knowledge. This paper gave a briefing of his life and contributions.

This paper takes the point that only when both science and its application have realized their culture value,they would then turn into culture. The anti一culture application of technology has betrayed the science spirit and value. The lifeline of the technology progress lies in how it applies and how the culture is realized during its application. The paper also illuminates that it has become an important research task to measure the degree that science and its application turns into culture.

It was traced in this paper of the background process of how did Wang Gan一chang(1907一1998)，the famous Chinese physicist, initiated the cause of Confinement Fusion(ICF) in China. And showed that the ICF was few scientists was set up first by Chinese scientists over the world, and was his main melody of life and brilliant contribution to science in his late 30 years research career.

In this paper, the history, actuality and contents of mind science will be analyzed for relationship among mind science, religion and philosophy according to their developments. Then some important fields in mind science as its genesis and qualities, mind一language relationship, artificial and human intelligence, mind and evolution, etc. will be analyzed again，and finally some special remarkable difficulties and paradoxes in these fields will be given.

<正> 白驹过隙,光阴流转。不经意间,《自然辩证法通讯》已步入第25个年头了。 25岁,对一个人来说,正是风华正茂、精力充沛的青春期;对一个杂志来说,也是继往开来、大有作为、富有青春热情的时日。正如哲学家石里克所言:“因为热情总是青春时代所有的,一种事业的热情与青春的热情,是燃烧着同样的火焰与光辉的。” 更多还原

<正> 最近,中国科学技术大学出版社出版了鲁晨光的两本哲学新著《色觉奥妙和哲学基本问题》和《美感奥妙和需求进化》。前一本书基于色觉的译码模型和感觉的相对性原理,试图重算哲学旧帐——解 更多还原

<正> 光景流驰犹如白驹过隙。不经意间,八年多的时间又悄悄流逝了。亲爱的读者,您是否注意到,您手头的《自然辩证法通讯》已经是第150期了! 记得八年前,在市场经济大潮风起云涌之时,我们曾在署名文章“百尺竿头,更进一步——《自然辩证法通讯》百期寄语”(1995年第6期)中,强调了思想的神圣和学术研究的意义;并郑重申明,把“促进学术繁荣, 更多还原

<正> 全国首届工程哲学会议计划于2004年8月在京召开,会议研讨的主题是:(1)工程哲学的基本理论和范畴;(2)我国的工程实践与社会发展;(3)工程决策和管理的哲学问题;(4)工程设计和评价的哲学问题;(5)工程伦理学问题;(6)工程活动的人才和社会角色(“总指挥”,总设计师,总工程师,总会计师,技工等);(7)社会 更多还原

<正> 大连理工大学与德国斯图特加特大学联合举办中德2004年暑期技术伦理与技术评估讲习班,聘请德国著名技术哲学家、伦理学家、斯图特加特大学教授胡必希担任主讲。胡必希教授生于1952年,1997年起任斯图加特大学哲学教授。德国哲学协会主席团成员、德国工程师协会技术伦理委员会成员。1991年获国际工程教育协会特别奖。主要研究领域:科学技术伦 更多还原

<正> 爱因斯坦是20世纪最伟大的科学家、思想家和人,是千百年难得一遇的超级天才人物。他的科学思想、哲学(科学哲学、社会哲学、人生哲学)思想、社会政治观点、自然观、科学观、教育观、宗教观乃至个人人格,都呈现出“一种普遍的、非私人的、超私人的生命”。它们不仅影响了当时的科学进步、社会发展和人的自我完善,而且至今仍然具有振聋发聩的精神力量,必将在21世纪继续发出光和热。 更多还原

<正> 首届全国“科技与社会发展”中青年南方论坛计划于2004年11月中旬在广州市华南理工大学召开。论 坛的主题为:当代科学技术发展的人文与社会研究。 更多还原

<正>由浙江大学和《哲学研究》杂志社共同发起,中科院研究生院工程与社会研究中心、清华大学、东北大学、《自然辩证法研究》杂志社、大连理工大学、华中科技大学、华南理工大学、东南大学、西安交通大学、上海大学(排名不分先后)等单位联合举办的“2007年工程伦理学学术会议”将于2007年3月17—18日(周六和周日)在浙江大学举办,现将有关事项通知如下：

<正>由中国自然辩证法研究会科技文化专业委员会、四川省自然辩证法研究会、西南交通大学主办,西南交通大学公共管理学院、四川省科技青年联合会共同承办的第四届全国“科技文化与社会现代化”学术研讨会将于2007年6月22～24日在成都召开。会议主题：科技文化传播与交流。

"科学社会史"(所对应的英文应该是Social Historyof Science)这个概念,有可能是中国人的首创。因为就编者所见,国外的相关研究以这一概念作为正式书名的,都出现在21世纪,如日本人所著的ASocial HistoryofScience andTechnologyin Contemporary Japan:The Occupation Period,1945-1952(Trans Pacific Pr.,2001),和印度人所著的Social History ofScience in Colonial India

多世界理论； 李醒民； 文化哲学； 西方科学； 灵长类动物学； 拉图尔； 科技哲学； 麦克道尔； 科学体制化； 自然科学史研究；

编者按2012年是库恩的《科学革命的结构》一书出版五十周年。此书的出版,是国际科学哲学界的重要事件,标志着科学哲学中历史主义转向的开端。五十年来,此书深刻地影响了科学哲学及相关学科的历史发展,也引发了一系列热烈的讨论和争论。在五十年后的今天,如何正确评价库恩所引发的这场变革,如何正确理解库恩的思想及其发展,仍然是学界所瞩目的话题。

在人类思想史上,唯物主义具有悠久的传统,在近代更被认为是与近代科学最为契台的世界观。然而,现代物理学的发展使得传统唯物主义思想的一些基本要素和表述形式受到挑战,当代唯物主义者倾向于采用"物理主义"来替换"唯物主义"。在过去的半个多世纪,物理主义已成为占据统治地位的科学世界观.物理主义是否有助于克服呀专统唯物主义面临的困难?

编者按:"中国人发明了什么?"对此,几乎所有人首先回答都是造纸术、印刷术、火药、指南针。而在前不久,由中华文化促进会主持编纂的一个出版项目发布会上,著名自然科学史专家华觉明超越"四大发明"之说,提出了30项由中国人完成的原创性重大发明。