Abstract: Traditional research often reduces Marx’s technological thought into concepts such as “determinism” and “alienation”. This article, through the analysis of documents such as “Marx-Engels Gesamtausgabe” (MEGA2), identifies three major phases and two key turning points in Marx’s technological thought. The first phase, prior to 1845, is characterized by his focus on the essence of technology, exemplified by the “Paris Manuscripts”. The second phase, spanning from 1845 to 1850 and marked by the “Brussels Notebooks”, represents a shift towards the study of technological applications. The third phase, starting from 1850 onwards and exemplified by the “London Notebooks”, signifies a turn towards empirical research on the technology itself. The uniqueness of his thought lies in the fact that the empirical examination of technology is used as the basis for critical reflection on the application of capitalist technology. In terms of methodology, it realizes the unity of the empirical and the normative, reflecting the coherence and integration of philosophy and science. The paper concludes that Marx’s ideas on technology are of value to Marxism, philosophy of technology and contemporary

research on artificial intelligence.

Key Words: Marx; Technology Notebooks; Empirical turn; Philosophy of technology

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