JOURNAL OF DIALECTICS OF NATURE
A Comprehensive, Academic Journal of the Philosophy, History, Sociology and Cultural Studies of Science and Technology
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Epistemic Injustice in Open Science and Its Remedies Abstract: By opening scientific information and processes, the open science movement aims to increase the openness, transparency, and reproducibility of the scientific research process by making data and publications freely accessible to a wider community and public. These efforts to realize the epistemic values of science equally in the scientific community and non-specialists, have encountered many problems. Few philosophical discussions addressed the problem of changing epistemic communities that exist in the open science movement. Using the concept of epistemic injustice, this paper identifies the epistemic groups’ change and epistemic injustice associated with open science in different scenarios, and then distinguishes how open science exacerbates the existing problems of scientific research, as well as the new problems brought about by open science. Finally, based on the multiple epistemic goals of scientific research, the paper proposes possible ways to remedy the problems by cultivating and taking advantage of the epistemic diversity of different groups. Key Words: Open science; Epistemic injustice; Epistemic diversity; Division of cognitive labor; Epistemicpage: 1-11Technological Breakthroughs in the Production Practice of Hand Grenades in the North China Anti-Japanese Aggression Base Areas: Centered on the Shanxi-Hebei-Henan and Shanxi-Chahaer-Hebei Base Areas Abstract: During the Period of the War of Resistance Against Japan by the Whole Nation, hand grenades proved highly effective as weapons suitable for the mountain guerrilla warfare carried out by the Communist Party of China (CPC)’s armed forces of anti-Japanese aggression. Their large-scale use on the frontlines was inseparable from the support of a comprehensive hand grenade production system. Northern China, as the main battlefield for the CPC to lead the guerrilla warfare behind enemy lines, was also a region where the production and use of hand grenades were extremely common. Each base area in the region established a normalized hand grenade production system, with the Shanxi-Hebei-Henan and Shanxi-Chahaer-Hebei base areas being the most representative. As the anti-Japanese aggression base areas in Northern China focused on promoting the production of hand grenades, the technological breakthroughs made during the production process were issues worthy of investigation. They were not only a microcosm of the CPC’s efforts to overcome numerous difficulties and develop military industry during the War of Resistance Against Japan, but also a concrete manifestation of the combat effectiveness, organizational capabilities, mobilization abilities, and willpower of the CPC members during the revolutionary era. Key Words: War of Resistance Against Japan; Military industry; Hand grenades; Shanxi-Hebei-Henan base area; Shanxi-Chahaer-Hebei base areapage: 1-9A Legend in the History of World Light Weapons: The Mosin-Nagant Rifle Abstract: Through a systematic examination of the development process, model evolution, structural characteristics, ammunition support, battlefield applications, and retired effects of the standard weapons equipped from the era of Tsarist Russia to the period of the Soviet Union, this article showcases the legendary life of the Mosin-Nagant rifle and points out its profound influence and important inspiration on the development of rifles, especially sniper rifles. And Mosin created highly reliable, precise, and world-class magazine rifles, paving the way for the thriving light weapons industry in Soviet Russia. Furthermore, from the perspective of social and technological history, a brief analysis is conducted on the development process of the Mosin-Nagant rifle, as well as some issues related to technological development and social interaction. Key Words: Rifle; Mosin-Nagant rifle; Sniper rifle; Practical verificationpage: 10-15An Analysis of Two Krupp-Type Retractable Field Guns Replicated by the Ning Bureau for the Late Qing Dynasty’s Imperial Machine Corps Abstract: During the heyday of the Self-Strengthening Movement, the late Qing government was dedicated to reinforcing coastal defense, with military factories across the country eagerly importing and replicating advanced Western artillery technologies. These technologies included British-style Armstrong, Whitworth, and Vavasseur breech-loading and muzzle-loading rifled cannons, as well as German-style Krupp and Gruson dual-purpose breech-loading rifled cannons. In particular, the “Krupp” artillery, with its outstanding performance, quickly became the mainstream equipment in the military. However, details about the production scale, technical level, and actual combat performance of these copied cannon types remain largely unknown. The design inspiration for these cannons came from a delegation sent by the Qing court’s influential minister Li Hongzhang to inspect the Krupp factory, and they were replicated by the Jinling Machine Bureau (abbreviated as “Ning Bureau”). These cannons not only represent the Ning Bureau’s support for the Imperial Guard Camp but also mark the beginning of China’s early introduction of Krupp land-based cannon types, ending the late Qing era’s inability to produce breech-loading rifled cannons domestically. These two cannons were lost overseas for a long time, likely looted by the invading forces during the war. Key Words: Jinling Machinery Bureau; Krupp artillery; Shenji Camp; Li Hongzhangpage: 16-23JOURNAL OF DIALECTICS OF NATURE
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